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Social Skills and Emotion Recognition in Children With Elevated Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome Symptoms: A

Utku Kaçmaz¹, Nagihan Cevher Binici², Eyüp Sabri Ercan³

¹Mardin Training and Research Hospital, Turkey.

Journal of Attention Disorders

|January 8, 2026

Abstract

Objective:

Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) is increasingly viewed as a distinct childhood condition. Although it overlaps with ADHD in some features, emerging evidence suggests a unique behavioral and cognitive profile. However, research examining social functioning and emotion recognition in children with pure CDS remains limited.

Methods:

This study compared social competence and facial emotion recognition abilities among children aged 8 to 12 years across three groups: those with elevated CDS symptoms (n = 43), those with ADHD (n = 40), and healthy controls (n = 43). Social functioning and peer relationships were evaluated using parent- and child-report social skills scales and peer interaction questionnaires. Emotion recognition was measured with the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET).

Results:

Children with CDS showed significantly lower social skills and RMET scores than both ADHD and control groups (p < .001). Teachers reported fewer school friendships for the CDS group compared to ADHD and controls (p < .001), and CDS children also reported fewer out-of-school friendships than peers in the other groups (p = .035). Both child and teacher reports noted greater peer relationship difficulties in the CDS group compared to the other groups (p < .001). Teachers also observed more solitary behavior and lower group participation among CDS children (p < .001). Within the CDS group, social skills were negatively associated with oppositionality (r = -.347) and positively associated with inattention severity (r = .346). Regression analysis identified social skills scores as independent predictors of peer relationships across the full sample (p < .001).

Conclusion:

These findings suggest that children with elevated CDS symptoms experience greater social difficulties and more pronounced emotion recognition impairments than both ADHD and typically developing peers, reflecting a distinct social-cognitive profile that extends beyond overlapping ADHD symptoms. The results underscore the importance of early recognition and targeted interventions.

Keywords:

ADHD cognitive disengagement syndrome emotion recognition peer relationships social skills

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