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Related Concept Videos

Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

3.0K
Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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Diamagnetic Shielding of Nuclei: Local Diamagnetic Current01:14

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An applied magnetic field causes the electrons present in the molecule to circulate, setting up a local diamagnetic current within the molecule. The local diamagnetic current arising from circulating sigma-bonding electrons induces a magnetic field, Blocal that opposes the applied magnetic field, B0. The effective magnetic field experienced by these nuclei is given by the difference between the applied and local magnetic fields in a phenomenon called local diamagnetic shielding. Essentially,...
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Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

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In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
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Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Applying the modified mean-field model to superparamagnetic nanoparticles.

Alexey O Ivanov1, Olga B Kuznetsova1

  • 1Ural Federal University, Lenin Av., 51, Ekaterinburg 620000, Russian Federation.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|January 8, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a modified mean-field approach to predict magnetic nanoparticle behavior, accounting for interparticle interactions. This method enhances the characterization of magnetic nanoparticle ensembles for biomedical applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are increasingly utilized in biomedicine for diagnostics and therapeutics.
  • Predicting MNP ensemble properties requires accounting for interparticle magnetic interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a simple, universal modified mean-field approach for MNP ensembles.
  • To incorporate interparticle magnetic interactions and superparamagnetic dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a modified mean-field theory.
  • Accounted for interparticle magnetic interactions.
  • Included superparamagnetic degrees of freedom.

Main Results:

  • The approach effectively characterizes static and dynamic magnetic responses.
  • Demonstrated applicability to MNPs in both liquid and solid matrices.
  • Validated the efficiency for engineering and biomedical uses.

Conclusions:

  • The modified mean-field approach provides a straightforward method for predicting MNP ensemble properties.
  • This technique is valuable for designing advanced biomedical devices.
  • Enables better understanding of magnetic nanoparticle behavior in various environments.