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Related Concept Videos

Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

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Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...
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Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
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Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
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Cryptorchidism and infertility: what do we know so far?

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  • 1Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.

Asian Journal of Andrology
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Undescended testes (cryptorchidism) significantly increase the risk of male infertility through various mechanisms. These include increased cell death, hormonal imbalances, oxidative stress, and immune responses, all impacting sperm production and function.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Urology

Background:

  • Cryptorchidism, the failure of testes to descend into the scrotum, is a known risk factor for male infertility and germ cell tumors.
  • The condition involves complex pathophysiological changes affecting testicular function and sperm quality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the multifaceted mechanisms by which cryptorchidism contributes to male infertility.
  • To identify key cellular and molecular pathways disrupted by undescended testes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cryptorchidism and male infertility.
  • Analysis of cellular processes including apoptosis, hormonal regulation, oxidative stress, and immune responses.
  • Examination of the impact on spermatogenesis and sperm DNA integrity.

Main Results:

  • Increased local temperature and pressure in undescended testes lead to apoptosis of spermatogenic and Sertoli cells.
  • Disruptions in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis cause hormonal imbalances and impair spermatogenesis.
  • Cryptorchidism induces oxidative stress, resulting in sperm DNA damage and impaired sperm function.
  • Potential damage to the genitofemoral nerve and autoimmune responses via antisperm antibodies contribute to infertility.
  • Damage to type A dark spermatogonia is identified as a significant risk factor.

Conclusions:

  • Cryptorchidism initiates a cascade of detrimental effects on the testes, significantly impairing male fertility.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted therapeutic strategies to improve fertility outcomes in affected individuals.