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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation

Published on: November 26, 2019

Pupil dilation offers a time-window on prediction error.

Olympia Colizoli¹, Tessa M van Leeuwen^1,2, Danaja Rutar^1,3

¹Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.

|January 8, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Pupil dilation signals prediction errors during learning. This study shows pupil responses correlate with information gain, offering insights into belief updating and arousal networks.

Keywords:

associative learning decision making human information theory neuroscience prediction error pupillometry

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Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

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Published on: November 26, 2019

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Neuroscience
Computational Neuroscience
Psychology

Background:

Task-evoked pupil dilation is associated with unexpected events.
An information-theory framework links pupil responses to prediction errors.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate if pupil response to feedback during associative learning reflects a prediction error signal.
Test if pupil signals correlate with information gain, defined as KL divergence.
Explore the pupil's role in model updating during learning.

Main Methods:

Defined prediction errors via stimulus-pair frequency and accuracy.
Analyzed pupil dilation data from two perceptual decision-making tasks.
Correlated pupil responses with information gain using an ideal observer model.

Main Results:

Information gain significantly explained variability in post-feedback pupil response.
Pupil dilation and constriction were context-dependent with information gain.
Empirical evidence supports the pupil as a physiological indicator of belief states.

Conclusions:

Pupil dilation serves as a valuable indicator of prediction error signals.
The pupil's response reflects information gain and model updating during learning.
Findings highlight the pupil's utility in understanding internal belief dynamics.