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Labeling DNA Probes

Labeling DNA Probes

DNA probes are fragments of DNA labeled with a reporter tag to enable their detection or purification. The resulting labeled DNA probes can then hybridize to target nucleic acid sequences through complementary base-pairing, and may be used to recover or identify these regions.
Radioisotopes, fluorophores, or small molecule binding partners like biotin or digoxigenin, are the most widely used reporter tags for labeling DNA probes. These labels can be attached to the probe DNA molecule via...

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Author Spotlight: Engineering Molecular Tools for Disease Detection and Imaging

Author Spotlight: Engineering Molecular Tools for Disease Detection and Imaging

Published on: December 8, 2023

Enzyme-Free DNA Logic Circuit with Single-Color Readout for Dual Biomarker Detection.

Fatemeh Jafari¹, Hadi Ravan², Moj Khaleghi¹

¹Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.

Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology

|January 8, 2026

Summary

This study presents an enzyme-free DNA circuit for detecting two biomarkers simultaneously using a single colorimetric output. The system simplifies multiplex biomarker analysis for diagnostics.

Keywords:

Biomarker detection Colorimetric assay DNA circuits Enzyme-free diagnostics G-quadruplex Toehold-mediated strand displacement

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A Microfluidic-based Electrochemical Biochip for Label-free DNA Hybridization Analysis

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Published on: September 10, 2014

Area of Science:

Biotechnology
Molecular Diagnostics
Synthetic Biology

Background:

Multiplex nucleic acid biomarker detection is crucial for disease diagnosis.
Existing methods often require complex procedures, multiple signals, or enzymes, limiting point-of-care applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an innovative, enzyme-free DNA circuit for simultaneous detection of two nucleic acid biomarkers.
To achieve a single colorimetric output with four discrete levels for simplified data interpretation.
To validate the system's sensitivity, specificity, and robustness in biological matrices.

Main Methods:

Integration of toehold-mediated strand displacement (TMSD) and catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) in an enzyme-free DNA circuit.
Design of two logic gates (ABC and DE) utilizing G-quadruplex structures for differential input response.
Colorimetric detection with four distinct intensity levels corresponding to input combinations.

Main Results:

Simultaneous detection of two biomarkers with a single, four-level colorimetric output.
High sensitivity achieved with detection limits of 5 pM (Input 1) and 1 pM (Input 2).
Demonstrated specificity against non-target sequences and robustness in 50% human serum (85% signal retention).

Conclusions:

The enzyme-free DNA circuit enables accurate, efficient, and cost-effective multiplex biomarker analysis.
The simplified single-output format enhances data interpretation and reduces processing time.
The platform shows significant potential for early disease diagnosis and point-of-care testing.