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3D Bioprinting for Spinal Cord Injury: Engineering Scaffolds for Functional Recovery.

Rounak Pokharel¹, Nic D Leipzig¹

¹Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3906, United States.

ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering

|January 8, 2026

Summary

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting offers promising solutions for spinal cord injury (SCI) repair by creating patient-specific scaffolds. These advanced biomaterials promote neural regeneration and functional recovery, overcoming limitations of current treatments.

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Regenerative Medicine
Neuroscience

Background:

Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes permanent sensory and motor deficits due to limited central nervous system (CNS) regeneration.
Current clinical treatments for SCI primarily focus on neuroprotection and symptom stabilization, with limited success in restoring long-term function.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in 3D bioprinting techniques for spinal cord injury (SCI) repair.
To discuss the potential of 3D bioprinting for SCI treatment models.
To highlight key aspects including bioink formulation, scaffold design, and functional features.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on 3D bioprinting applications in SCI.
Analysis of bioink compositions, scaffold architectures, and integration of cells, biomaterials, and growth factors.

Keywords:

3D bioprinting bioinks biomaterials neural regeneration scaffold design spinal cord injury tissue engineering

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Evaluation of 3D bioprinting's potential in preclinical SCI models.

Main Results:

3D bioprinting enables the creation of patient-specific scaffolds mimicking native spinal tissue complexity.
Bioprinted constructs offer precise control over architecture, fostering a biomimetic environment for axonal outgrowth and neural repair.
Advances in bioink formulation and scaffold design are crucial for successful SCI regeneration.

Conclusions:

3D bioprinting presents a powerful platform for developing next-generation therapies for spinal cord injury.
The technology facilitates the recreation of intricate tissue environments essential for supporting neural recovery.
Further research and implementation in SCI models are needed to translate this potential into clinical practice.