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Multimodal TOR interfaces for L3 autonomous vehicles: a tradeoff analysis of driver trust, cognitive load, and

Qi Guo1, Jincheng Gong1, Yitao Yang2

  • 1Visual Cognition Laboratory, School of Media and Design, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.

Traffic Injury Prevention
|January 8, 2026
PubMed
Abstract

Keywords:
L3 autonomous drivingTORcognitive loaddriver trustmultimodal interfacetakeover efficiency

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