Middle school students' perceptions of peer bullying: A qualitative study

This study examined middle school students' perceptions of peer bullying using qualitative methods.

Peer bullying is a significant social problem that negatively affects children's physical, emotional, and social development. While many studies have explored its prevalence and consequences, most rely on quantitative data. Qualitative research is needed to capture students' lived experiences and to better understand the complex nature of bullying.

A qualitative descriptive design supported by phenomenological elements was used with 27 middle school students between February and April 2025. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted, and data were analyzed manually using thematic analysis.

Four themes and 14 sub-themes were identified: Four themes and 14 sub-themes were identified: Types of Bullying (verbal, physical, psychological, and cyberbullying), Perceived Positive Meaning (academic achievement, social reputation, and empathy), Perceived Negative Meaning (impairment in social interaction, aggression, and feelings of revenge), and Coping with Bullying (raising awareness, peer support, collaboration with teachers, and sharing with family).

Bullying occurred in verbal, psychological, physical, and cyber forms, causing negative effects such as social difficulties and aggression. Some students reported positive outcomes, including increased empathy and academic achievement. Awareness, teacher support, and family involvement were important in coping with bullying.

School nurses and mental health professionals should take an active role in recognizing and preventing peer bullying. Implementing school-based awareness and support programs can strengthen students' coping skills and promote safer school environments.