Nanostrategies for potentiating gas-immunotherapy: From advanced delivery platforms to anti-tumor applications

Gas therapy, an emerging and promising tumor treatment strategy, has garnered increasing research interest. Recent attention has focused on gas signaling molecules due to their unique biological effects and potent immunomodulatory activities. With rapid advances in nanotechnology, diverse gas-generating nanoplatforms have been developed to augment cancer immunotherapy. This review first elucidates the mechanisms by which bioactive gas molecules amplify anti-tumor immunity and outlines design strategies for constructing gas-generating nanoplatforms. Thereafter, we summarize the applications of these nanoplatforms in gas-enhanced tumor immunotherapy, highlighting key bioactive gas signal molecules, including hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen (H₂). Finally, the biosafety profiles of these systems and the prospects for future opportunities and challenges are discussed.