A flexible wireless skin patch for synchronized glucose monitoring and regulation

Conventional diabetes management requires frequent invasive procedures such as finger-prick blood sampling and subcutaneous injections to coordinate glucose monitoring and medication. Here, we propose a novel, flexible, wearable, battery-free skin patch that synchronizes painless glucose monitoring and regulation capabilities with smartphone-mediated wireless control. This patch integrates bendable fluorescent hydrogel microneedles for minimally invasive glucose monitoring (50 to 450 mg/dL range) and thermoresponsive microneedles for metformin delivery. In diabetic mouse models, it accurately tracked interstitial glucose levels and, upon hyperglycemia detection, reduced blood glucose within 1 h (effects lasting 5-6 h). This system provides glucose monitoring with wireless data transmission and precise drug administration while eliminating pain, infection risk, and high costs. Its lightweight, disposable design offers a practical solution for improved diabetes care.