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Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
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The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

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Neural mechanisms underlying dynamic manipulation of sequential information in working memory.

Yanqing Wang1

  • 1School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China. wangyq@nwnu.edu.cn.

Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience
|January 8, 2026
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Summary

Manipulating sequences in working memory involves dynamic brain network reorganization. This process activates the frontoparietal network (FPN) and deactivates the default mode network (DMN), unlike passive maintenance.

Keywords:
FMRIFunctional connectivitySequential working memory

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • Working memory is vital for complex cognition, including language and planning.
  • Neural mechanisms for passive sequence maintenance are known, but sequence manipulation is less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate neural mechanisms of active sequence manipulation from passive maintenance using fMRI.
  • To investigate large-scale brain network dynamics during working memory tasks.

Main Methods:

  • fMRI study with 31 healthy adults performing digit-ordering tasks (pure recall vs. reorder & recall).
  • Employed univariate analyses, multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA), and functional connectivity analysis.
  • Examined network activation, pattern decodability, and inter-network communication.

Main Results:

  • Sequence manipulation robustly activated the frontoparietal network (FPN) and deactivated the default mode network (DMN) compared to maintenance.
  • MVPA showed manipulation-specific representations decodable in frontoparietal regions.
  • Functional connectivity revealed strengthened FPN connectivity and FPN-DMN decoupling during manipulation.

Conclusions:

  • Working memory manipulation requires large-scale, demand-driven brain network reconfiguration, not just localized activation.
  • The FPN and DMN exhibit dynamic segregation and integration during manipulation.
  • The anterior cingulate cortex and middle frontal gyrus act as key hubs in this network reorganization.