Detecting the Undetectable: Analytical Strategies for Novel Psychoactive Substances

Area of Science:

• Analytical Chemistry
• Forensic Toxicology
• Public Health Surveillance

Background:

• Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) present analytical challenges due to structural diversity and low concentrations.
• Limited availability of certified reference materials hinders accurate detection.
• This review addresses analytical strategies and innovative technologies for NPS surveillance.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current and emerging analytical strategies for detecting NPS.
• To evaluate innovative technologies for toxicological surveillance of NPS.
• To highlight the role of advanced techniques in addressing NPS challenges.

Main Methods:

• Systematic review of chromatographic, spectrometric, ambient ionization, and AI-assisted methods.
• Emphasis on applicability, sensitivity, and adaptability in clinical, forensic, and environmental settings.
• Analysis of conventional and high-resolution techniques, alongside emerging AI applications.

Main Results:

• Conventional methods are limited to known compounds; advanced techniques offer broader detection but are resource-intensive.
• Artificial intelligence (AI) shows promise for untargeted screening and early compound identification.
• Emerging tools like molecular networking and wastewater-based epidemiology enhance real-time monitoring.

Conclusions:

• An integrated framework combining high-resolution mass spectrometry, ambient ionization, and AI is crucial for the evolving NPS landscape.
• Standardization of reference materials and interdisciplinary collaboration are key to improving NPS detection speed and sensitivity.
• Enhanced analytical capabilities are vital for public health protection against emerging substances.