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Related Concept Videos

Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management01:20

Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management

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Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
Asthma is classified as allergic and non-allergic. Allergens such as dust mites, pollen, and pet dander trigger allergic asthma, while factors like cold air, intense emotions, or exercise can induce non-allergic asthma.
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Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification01:26

Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification

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Asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory condition marked by inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of the airways. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among inflammatory pathways, immune responses, and neural mechanisms.
Additionally, environmental and genetic factors play crucial roles in determining an individual's susceptibility to asthma and the severity of their condition.
Critical processes in asthma pathophysiology include:
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Asthma-I: Introduction01:29

Asthma-I: Introduction

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Asthma is a chronic respiratory ailment that requires careful management due to its varying symptoms and influencing factors. It is characterized by airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction, leading to symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The symptom frequency and intensity may vary considerably over time. It is also linked to immune system responses to allergens and irritants, highlighting the complex...
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation
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Antiasthma Drugs: β2-Adrenoceptor Agonists01:25

Antiasthma Drugs: β2-Adrenoceptor Agonists

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Bronchodilators are critical in managing asthma, a chronic respiratory condition characterized by airway constriction due to inflammation and hyper-reactivity. Specifically, bronchodilators ease this constriction by relaxing the bronchial muscles, facilitating easier breathing.
One class of bronchodilators includes β2-adrenoceptor agonists. These agents target the β2-adrenoceptors located on bronchial smooth muscle cells. By stimulating these receptors, β2-agonists induce...
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Asthma-III: Symptoms and Complications01:24

Asthma-III: Symptoms and Complications

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Asthma, a common chronic respiratory condition, is classified considering the frequency and severity of symptoms alongside lung function impairment. Understanding this classification is essential for appropriate treatment and management. Here's a detailed look at the classification of asthma and its clinical features and complications:
Classification of Asthma
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Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Identification and Characterization of Immunogenic RNA Species in HDM Allergens that Modulate Eosinophilic Lung Inflammation
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Sex Differences in Asthma Pathogenesis.

Kaitlin E McKernan1,2, Emely Henriquez Pilier1,2, Dawn C Newcomb1,2

  • 1Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Center for Vanderbilt Immunobiology, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.

Immunological Reviews
|January 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sex hormones significantly impact asthma development and severity throughout life. Understanding these sex differences is crucial for developing personalized asthma treatments for males and females.

Keywords:
asthmainflammationsex differencessex hormones

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Respiratory Medicine

Background:

  • Asthma prevalence and morbidity exhibit sex-based differences that evolve across the lifespan.
  • Sex hormone signaling pathways are implicated in asthma pathogenesis, influencing airway inflammation.
  • Existing research utilizes human studies, cell cultures, and animal models to explore these connections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the specific roles of androgens and estrogens in asthma.
  • To investigate the impact of sex hormones on different types of airway inflammation.
  • To identify knowledge gaps regarding sex differences in asthma during reproductive stages and childhood.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of large human cohorts.
  • In vitro studies using human cells.
  • Experimental investigations in animal models.

Main Results:

  • Androgens were found to reduce airway inflammation, including type 2 inflammation and eosinophil infiltration.
  • Androgens also decreased neutrophil-induced airway inflammation in animal models.
  • Estrogen signaling via ER-α was linked to increased IL-33 production, exacerbating type 2 inflammation and neutrophilic inflammation via Th17 cells.

Conclusions:

  • Sex hormones play a significant, often opposing, role in modulating airway inflammation in asthma.
  • Further research is required to understand asthma control during pregnancy and menopause in women.
  • Investigating sex differences in immune cell development and airway inflammation is key to understanding childhood asthma onset and incidence.