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Role of Vitamin D Levels in COVID-19 Disease Severity: A Multicenter Retrospective Study from Qatar

Abdelelah S Jazar, Raed B Alalaween, Reem K Al-Saadi

    Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences : PJBS
    |January 9, 2026
    PubMed

    Insights

    Vitamin D deficiency is common in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and linked to longer ICU stays. Suboptimal vitamin D levels may increase COVID-19 severity and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay.

    Area of Science:

    • Infectious Diseases
    • Endocrinology
    • Critical Care Medicine

    Background:

    • Vitamin D (VD) status relationship with COVID-19 severity remains unclear in hospitalized patients.
    • Investigating VD's impact on COVID-19 severity and related health factors in Qatar.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the association between vitamin D status and COVID-19 severity.
    • To examine the effect of vitamin D on factors influencing COVID-19 outcomes.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective, cross-sectional, multicenter study (March 2020 - May 2021) at Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar.
    • COVID-19 severity assessed by neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR); VD deficiency defined as <20 ng/mL.
    • Demographic, laboratory, comorbidity, and clinical outcome data analyzed using SPSS v22.

    Main Results:

    • Vitamin D deficiency was prevalent (68.6%) among studied patients.
    • Patients with VD deficiency had significantly longer ICU stays (19.7 days) compared to those with normal VD status (11.2 days; p=0.04).
    • A trend of higher NLR with lower VD levels was observed; no significant difference in IL-6 levels between VD groups.

    Conclusions:

    • Vitamin D status is linked to COVID-19 severity in hospitalized patients.
    • Suboptimal VD levels may be associated with increased ICU length of stay.
    • Vitamin D status appears to have a minor impact on the pro-inflammatory state in COVID-19.

    Keywords:
    COVID-19Hamad Medical Corporationneutrophil-lymphocyte ratiovitamin D

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