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Related Concept Videos

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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...
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During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ovary, and travels into the fallopian tubes. The process requires several key steps: 1) sperm present in the genital tract must locate the egg; 2) once there, sperm need to release enzymes to help them burrow through the protective zona pellucida of the egg; and 3) the membranes of a single sperm cell and egg must fuse, with the sperm...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Using an Extracellular Flux Analyzer to Measure Changes in Glycolysis and Oxidative Phosphorylation during Mouse Sperm Capacitation
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Compositional Analysis of Mouse Sperm Subpopulations During Capacitation In Vitro.

Benjamin M Brisard, Aishwarya P Halder, Aidan Charles

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |January 9, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    Sperm capacitation shows significant heterogeneity. New methods reveal how bicarbonate and calcium control sperm subpopulations, linking their structure to fertility potential and improving flow cytometry analysis for male fertility assessments.

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    Author Spotlight: A Live Cell Imaging Technique to Study Calcium Signaling and Acrosome Exocytosis in Mouse Sperm

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    Area of Science:

    • Reproductive Biology
    • Cellular Physiology
    • Biostatistics

    Background:

    • Mammalian sperm require capacitation to fertilize eggs, a process exhibiting considerable cell-to-cell variability.
    • Understanding sperm subpopulation dynamics during capacitation is crucial for assessing male fertility, but current methods often analyze cells independently.
    • The interplay between environmental signals and sperm phenotypic heterogeneity remains poorly understood.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To quantify the response of sperm population structure to controlled capacitation signals in vitro.
    • To investigate the nonlinear interactions between bicarbonate and calcium in regulating sperm subpopulations.
    • To develop a statistical framework for analyzing sperm subpopulation dynamics and linking them to fertility competence.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized large-scale single-cell spectral flow cytometry on mouse sperm.
    • Implemented a two-dimensional assay varying extracellular bicarbonate and free calcium levels.
    • Applied a hierarchical Dirichlet-multinomial regression model for subpopulation-level analysis and to account for variability.

    Main Results:

    • Bicarbonate and calcium nonlinearly interact to redistribute sperm into distinct physiological states (viability, acrosome reaction status).
    • Elevated intracellular calcium correlated with increased sperm death, while optimal live, acrosome-reacted sperm populations were observed under low extracellular calcium.
    • The developed statistical model provides probability surfaces showing subpopulation shifts in response to microenvironmental changes.

    Conclusions:

    • Sperm capacitation is a stochastic process characterized by structured phenotypic heterogeneity at the population level.
    • This study provides a quantitative framework to link sperm subpopulation composition to fertility competence.
    • The findings offer improved interpretation of flow cytometry data for male fertility assessments.