Multi-Dimensional Food Printing Technology: Evolution, Applications, and Challenges From 3D to Higher Dimensions

This review discusses the evolution, key technologies, and application prospects of multi-dimensional food printing-3D and higher-dimensional food additive manufacturing-with a focus on 3D and 4D systems. It outlines the foundational principles of 3D food printing and its expansion into food applications, explaining how 4D food printing introduces time-dependent, stimulus-responsive behavior to achieve dynamic functionality. The potential of higher-dimensional printing, such as 5D and 6D, is also noted as an emerging direction for intelligent food systems. The analysis covers major techniques, including extrusion-based printing, selective laser sintering, binder jetting, and inkjet printing, with emphasis on the essential influence of food ink formula and processing parameters on printing accuracy. Multi-dimensional printing shows considerable promise in personalized nutrition, texture and shape regulation, and functional food development. Notably, 4D printing achieves dynamic modifications in color, flavor, and structure through tailored material design. At the same time, the technology continues to face challenges related to cost, production efficiency, food safety, and material formulation limitations. Future progress will depend on advances in food ink design and the integration of complementary technologies to strengthen its role in sustainable manufacturing and precision nutrition.