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Design of an Open-Source, Low-Cost Bioink and Food Melt Extrusion 3D Printer
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Multi-Dimensional Food Printing Technology: Evolution, Applications, and Challenges From 3D to Higher Dimensions.

Yansheng Zhao1, Guoting Xiong1, Zhijie Yang2

  • 1School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.

Journal of Food Science
|January 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Multi-dimensional food printing, including 3D and 4D systems, offers advanced manufacturing for personalized nutrition and functional foods. Future progress depends on overcoming challenges in cost, efficiency, and material science.

Keywords:
3D printing4D printingfood inkfunctional foodsmulti‐dimensional printingpersonalized nutrition

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Area of Science:

  • Food Science and Technology
  • Additive Manufacturing
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Multi-dimensional food printing, encompassing 3D and higher-dimensional additive manufacturing, is an evolving field.
  • 3D food printing lays the groundwork, while 4D printing introduces dynamic, stimulus-responsive properties.
  • Emerging concepts like 5D and 6D printing point towards intelligent food systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution, technologies, and applications of multi-dimensional food printing.
  • To highlight the principles and expansion of 3D and 4D food printing.
  • To explore the potential and challenges of advanced food additive manufacturing.

Main Methods:

  • Review of foundational principles of 3D and 4D food printing.
  • Analysis of key additive manufacturing techniques (extrusion, sintering, binder jetting, inkjet).
  • Emphasis on the impact of food ink formulation and processing parameters.

Main Results:

  • Multi-dimensional printing shows promise for personalized nutrition, texture control, and functional foods.
  • 4D printing enables dynamic changes in food color, flavor, and structure via material design.
  • Key challenges include cost, production efficiency, food safety, and material limitations.

Conclusions:

  • Multi-dimensional food printing holds significant potential for innovation in food manufacturing.
  • Advancements in food ink design and technology integration are crucial for future development.
  • The technology is poised to contribute to sustainable manufacturing and precision nutrition.