Explainability-Based Optimized Deep Learning in Histopathological Diagnosis of Multiple Cancers and Development of...

Histopathological image analysis is critical for cancer diagnosis, yet many existing models suffer from limited interpretability, high computational demands, and suboptimal classification accuracy. To overcome these limitations, we propose a novel model, Complementary Residual Retentive Network with Guided Gaussian Combined Arms Algorithm (C2RN2GC2A), designed to enhance efficiency and accuracy in cancer classification from histopathological images. C2RN2GC2A is a deep learning model that assimilates residual learning with optimized Gaussian perturbations, thus enhancing both feature extraction and working time in classification tasks. The system merges 2GC2A, a metaheuristic optimization approach motivated by military tactics, for the purpose of improving feature selection, truncating training loss, and speeding up convergence. The Two-stage Guided Chaotic Capuchin Algorithm (2GC2A) brings together Gaussian perturbations with a combined arms tactic, which makes it possible to do a good job of both exploring and exploiting the search space for better parameter tuning. In order to achieve interpretability, Layer-wise DeepLIFT Relevance Propagation (LDLRP) is used to delineate the significant areas of the image that have an impact on the classification, thus making the process more transparent and building up clinical trust. LDLRP is a cutting-edge explainable AI technology that grants relevance ratings to input characteristics and thus allows the model to visually demonstrate the most significant regions in histopathological images, thereby facilitating clinical decision-making. Testing on LC25000 produced a remarkable accuracy of 98.02% along with a minuscule training loss of 0.08, besides which there were 13 false positives and 29 false negatives. On BreakHis, the accuracy was 98.54%, and the validation loss was 0.05, with 98 false positives and 112 false negatives. The proposed framework significantly improves diagnostic reliability, classification accuracy, and clinical transparency in multi-cancer histopathological image analysis.