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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
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Platelet-derived non-coding RNAs as emerging contributors to autoimmune inflammation.

Amr Ali Mohamed Abdelgawwad El-Sehrawy1, Raed Obaid Saleh2, Abdullah Ali Alzahrani3

  • 1Internal Medicine Department, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt. amr.a.m.a.elsehrawy@gmail.com.

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Summary

Platelets release non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that regulate immune responses in autoimmune diseases. These platelet-derived ncRNAs show potential as diagnostic and therapeutic markers for conditions like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.

Keywords:
Autoimmune diseasesEVsImmunopathogenesisNcRNAsPlatelets

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Autoimmune disorders affect millions globally, characterized by immune responses targeting self-tissues.
  • Platelets, traditionally known for hemostasis, are increasingly recognized as immune regulators.
  • Platelets release non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which are gene-regulatory molecules without protein-coding capacity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of platelet-derived ncRNAs in the immunopathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
  • To explore the potential of these ncRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic markers.
  • To clarify the involvement of lncRNAs and ncRNA-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) from platelets.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of PubMed and Scopus databases.
  • Keywords used: "platelet-derived ncRNAs," "autoimmunity," and "autoimmune diseases" (publications < 10 years old).
  • Focus on understanding the mechanisms of ncRNA action in autoimmune conditions.

Main Results:

  • Platelet-derived H19 (lncRNA) influences inflammation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  • ncRNAs and their exosomal cargos from platelets play a role in autoimmune disease pathogenesis.
  • Challenges in detecting and characterizing ncRNAs due to size and complex regulation exist.

Conclusions:

  • Platelet-derived ncRNAs represent a novel area for understanding autoimmune disease mechanisms.
  • These ncRNAs offer promising avenues for developing new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
  • Advanced technologies like next-generation sequencing and biosensors may overcome current detection challenges.