Heat spells and birth and peripartum pregnancy complications in Germany: a scoping review

Climate change is increasing global temperatures, with mid-latitude regions experiencing significant warming. Pregnant individuals are particularly vulnerable to heat exposure, which has been linked to adverse outcomes, such as preterm birth and low birth weight. However, research in temperate regions like Germany is scarce. This scoping review examines studies on the association between heat exposure and pregnancy complications in Germany.

Following the JBI methodology for scoping reviews, a systematic literature search was conducted in eight databases, including PubMed and Scopus. Studies analyzing pregnancy complications in relation to heat events in Germany were included. Studies without systematic temperature data collection or focusing on long-term child development after birth were excluded.

Only four studies met the inclusion criteria. Two reported significant associations between heat exposure and preterm birth, though at different pregnancy stages. One study on low birth weight found no clear correlation, while another identified a strong link between high temperatures and pregnancy-related edema. Differences in exposure definitions and outcome measures limited comparability.

Despite the heterogeneity in study designs and findings, the results from the small number of studies could indicate that heat exposure may contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes in Germany, particularly preterm birth. To strengthen the evidence base, future research should focus on standardizing exposure definitions and employing robust methodologies. These findings underscore the need for public health strategies to mitigate the risks associated with rising temperatures for pregnant individuals.