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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
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Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Flow Cytometry Analysis of Immune Cell Subsets within the Murine Spleen, Bone Marrow, Lymph Nodes and Synovial Tissue in an Osteoarthritis Model
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Programmed cell death in osteoarthritis.

Haolin Li1, Ping Chen2, Weigang Cheng1

  • 1College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China.

Apoptosis : an International Journal on Programmed Cell Death
|January 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Osteoarthritis involves programmed cell death (PCD) pathways like apoptosis and pyroptosis in chondrocytes. Understanding these cell death mechanisms offers new therapeutic targets for osteoarthritis treatment.

Keywords:
Molecular mechanismsOsteoarthritisProgrammed cell deathReview

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Science
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Osteoarthritis (OA) is a widespread degenerative joint disease impacting elderly populations.
  • Cartilage degeneration in OA is linked to factors like mechanical stress and aging.
  • OA is characterized by chondrocyte extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and reduced viability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular mechanisms of seven programmed cell death (PCD) patterns in osteoarthritis.
  • To highlight the role of these PCD pathways in OA pathogenesis.
  • To offer novel perspectives for OA research and drug development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of programmed cell death (PCD) pathways.
  • Analysis of molecular underpinnings of PCD in chondrocytes.
  • Synthesis of current research on PCD and OA pathology.

Main Results:

  • Multiple PCD forms, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, cuproptosis, and PANoptosis, are implicated in OA.
  • These PCD pathways intricately regulate chondrocyte survival and death.
  • Dysregulation of PCD contributes significantly to OA onset and progression.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the diverse PCD mechanisms is crucial for elucidating OA pathogenesis.
  • Targeting specific PCD pathways presents a promising strategy for novel OA therapeutics.
  • Further research into PCD in OA can lead to the development of effective treatments.