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Related Concept Videos

False Memories01:18

False Memories

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False memories represent a cognitive distortion in which individuals recall events that did not happen, or remember them in an altered form. This phenomenon highlights the brain's constructive nature in processing and recalling memories, emphasizing that memory is not a perfect representation of past events but rather a dynamic reconstruction influenced by various factors.
One primary source of false memories is misattribution, where individuals incorrectly associate external information...
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Eyewitness Memory01:22

Eyewitness Memory

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Eyewitness memory refers to the recollection of events by someone who has directly witnessed them, often serving as critical evidence in legal settings. This type of memory is commonly used in criminal cases where a witness describes details like a suspect's appearance, clothing, or behavior during a crime. However, despite its perceived reliability, eyewitness memory is prone to significant errors.
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Cognitive Theories: Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion01:20

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Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed the two-factor theory of emotion, which emphasizes the interplay between physiological arousal and cognitive labeling in forming emotional experiences. This theory suggests that emotions are not simply a result of physiological responses but rather a combination of these responses and the individual's cognitive interpretation of them.
Physiological Arousal and Cognitive Labeling
According to this theory, when an individual experiences...
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Traumatic Memory01:20

Traumatic Memory

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Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual...
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Explicit Memories01:27

Explicit Memories

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Explicit memories, also known as declarative memories, are consciously remembered, recalled, and reported. Studying for a chemistry exam involves material that will become part of explicit memory. There are two types of explicit memory: episodic and semantic.
Episodic memory contains information about personally experienced events and is reported as a story. An example of episodic memory is recalling a birthday celebration. This type of memory includes the what, where, and when of an event, as...
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The Scientific Method02:40

The Scientific Method

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Research is what makes the difference between facts and opinions. Facts are observable realities, and opinions are personal judgments, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate. In the scientific community, facts can be established only using evidence collected through empirical research.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory
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Emotion Shapes False Memory: Experimental Evidences From Recall and Recognition Tests.

Gunjan Joshi1, Tanisha Rathore1, Rachana Belal1

  • 1Sleep Cognition and Psychology Experimental Laboratory, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India.

Psychological Reports
|January 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Recognition tests increase susceptibility to emotional false memories compared to recall tests. Emotional valence, especially negative content, independently impacts false memory formation, but doesn't interact with test type.

Keywords:
emotionrecallrecognitionsemantic associatesspontaneous false memory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Memory Studies
  • Affective Science

Background:

  • Emotion significantly influences memory encoding and retrieval in daily life.
  • Emotional contexts can amplify memory impact, potentially leading to adverse outcomes.
  • False memories, particularly in emotionally charged situations, warrant further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how emotional valence (positive, negative, neutral) affects false memories.
  • To compare the impact of recall versus recognition tests on false memory formation.
  • To examine the interaction between emotional valence and test type in generating false memories.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) word lists with varying emotional valences.
  • Administered recall and recognition tests to 66 healthy participants.
  • Analyzed false memory proportions using mixed factorial ANOVA.

Main Results:

  • Recognition tests showed a greater susceptibility to false memories than recall tests.
  • Emotional valence significantly impacted false memory occurrence, particularly negative content.
  • No significant interaction was found between test type and emotional valence.

Conclusions:

  • Recognition procedures may elicit more emotional false memories than recall.
  • Emotional valence and test type independently influence false memory creation.
  • Understanding these factors is crucial for memory accuracy in emotional contexts.