Trends in hospital pricing for vulnerable emergency department users, 2021-2023

To assess the correlates of changes in emergency department (ED) prices for self-pay patients from 2021 to 2023.

Retrospective longitudinal analysis of self-pay prices for ED facility fees (Current Procedural Terminology [CPT] codes 99283-99285) from 2021 to 2023, using multivariate weighted linear regression to examine the relationship between hospital- and area-level characteristics and trends in self-pay prices and correcting for selective noncompliance with price transparency reporting regulations.

We created a unique longitudinal database of self-pay rates for CPT codes 99283-99285 using national hospital price transparency data from September 29, 2021, and September 29, 2023. Hospital- and area-level characteristics were derived from the 2021 quarter 2 CMS Provider of Services File, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's 2021 Compendium of US Health Systems, and the 2021 American Community Survey.

From 2021 to 2023, self-pay prices increased by a mean of $98.69, $392.85, and $642.74 for CPT codes 99283, 99284, and 99285, respectively. Price increases were notably higher at for-profit hospitals compared with nonprofits, and system affiliation and serving a community with higher levels of uninsured Hispanic/Latino individuals were associated with greater relative price increases for CPT codes 99284 and 99285.

Self-pay patients face growing affordability issues in ED access. For-profit and system-affiliated hospitals saw the largest increases. With Medicaid enrollment declines stemming from the end of continuous coverage requirements, which started in mid-2023, the self-pay population may rise, highlighting the need to understand their financial risk exposure.