Novel nanomaterial-based SERS sensors for antibiotic detection: Design strategies and enhancement mechanisms

Rapid detection and accurate quantification of antibiotic residues in the environment are essential for reducing associated health risks. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) amplifies Raman signals of target molecules through nanostructured substrates, and combined with its unique molecular fingerprint recognition capability, enables highly sensitive and rapid detection of trace levels of antibiotics in environmental samples. This paper introduces the principles and detection mechanisms of SERS technology and reviews recent advances in the application of SERS sensors based on semiconductors, graphene, organic frameworks, and aptamers for antibiotic detection. We further outline the construction methods and performance characteristics of these SERS sensors, analyze the advantages and limitations of different nanostructured substrates in antibiotic detection, and discuss future research directions and trends in SERS-based sensing platforms. Overall, this review provides comprehensive insights into the use of SERS with diverse nanostructured substrates for antibiotic detection, offering valuable reference points for environmental antibiotic monitoring.