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Updated: Jan 13, 2026

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Experience of Intimate Partner Violence-Related Strangulation by Pregnancy Status.

Melissa M McDonald, Kelly Berishaj, Marisa Ghesquiere

    Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing : JOGNN
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    Pregnant individuals experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV)-related strangulation reported more severe anoxic and hypoxic symptoms, including fainting and vision changes. Healthcare providers should screen for IPV to ensure timely intervention and support for maternal and child safety.

    Keywords:
    intimate partnerintimate partner abusematernal–fetal relationsoxygen deficiencypregnant womenviolence

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    Area of Science:

    • Medical Forensics
    • Public Health
    • Obstetrics & Gynecology

    Background:

    • Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a significant public health concern.
    • Strangulation is a dangerous form of IPV with potentially severe consequences.
    • Understanding the unique experiences of pregnant individuals subjected to IPV-related strangulation is crucial for targeted care.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To compare the clinical experiences and outcomes of strangulation related to intimate partner violence (IPV) between pregnant and nonpregnant patients.
    • To identify specific symptoms and injury patterns associated with IPV-related strangulation in pregnant versus nonpregnant individuals.

    Main Methods:

    • A retrospective descriptive study analyzing de-identified patient records from a midwestern forensic nurse examiner program.
    • Inclusion criteria: patients seeking care after experiencing IPV-related strangulation (n=23 pregnant, n=119 nonpregnant).
    • Data analyzed included victimization details, strangulation methods, associated abuse, perpetrator characteristics, injuries, and symptoms using logistic regression and t tests.

    Main Results:

    • Victimization experiences, strangulation actions, abusive acts, perpetrator characteristics, and bodily injuries were largely similar between pregnant and nonpregnant groups.
    • Pregnant patients were significantly more likely to report anoxic symptoms (e.g., involuntary urination), hypoxic symptoms (e.g., fainting), and vision changes compared to nonpregnant patients.

    Conclusions:

    • Pregnant women may experience more severe symptoms after IPV-related strangulation, highlighting increased vulnerability.
    • Routine screening for IPV by healthcare providers is essential during all patient encounters, especially during pregnancy.
    • Early identification and referral to support services can mitigate risks to both mother and child, preventing further violence and improving outcomes.