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X-ray Imaging

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...

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X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging

X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging

Published on: September 11, 2011

Low-dose simulation for grating-based X-ray dark-field radiography using a virtually decreased irradiation area.

Henriette Bast¹, Rafael C Schick¹, Thomas Koehler²

¹Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine and Health, TUM Klinikum, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany.

Zeitschrift Fur Medizinische Physik

|January 9, 2026

Summary

Simulating low-dose X-ray dark-field radiography by reducing irradiated area can introduce artifacts. Actual low-dose images show better quality, indicating limitations in current simulation algorithms for lung imaging.

Keywords:

Dark-field radiography Low-dose simulation Radiation dose reduction X-ray imaging

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Last Updated: Jan 13, 2026

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Published on: January 30, 2020

Area of Science:

Medical imaging
Radiography
Pulmonary imaging

Background:

X-ray dark-field radiography utilizes small-angle scattering for lung alveoli structural integrity assessment.
Simulating low-dose images by reducing irradiated area is a method to study dose reduction effects.
These simulations may introduce stripe artifacts, impacting image quality.

Purpose of the Study:

Validate a low-dose simulation algorithm for dark-field radiography.
Demonstrate that observed stripe artifacts in simulated low-dose images are algorithm-induced.
Confirm these artifacts are absent in actual low-dose dark-field images.

Main Methods:

Acquired dark-field radiographs of a chest phantom at varying radiation doses.
Simulated lower-dose dark-field radiographs by virtually reducing the irradiated area from high-dose acquisitions.
Quantitatively compared dark-field signals between simulated and measured low-dose images using regions of interest.

Main Results:

Dark-field radiographs at one-quarter standard dose were artifact-free.
The dark-field signal in measured low-dose images differed up to 10% from simulated ones.
Algorithm-induced stripe artifacts degraded the image quality of simulated low-dose radiographs.

Conclusions:

Virtual reduction of irradiation area is a feasible method for generating low-dose dark-field radiographs.
The simulation algorithm introduces stripe artifacts at very low dose levels, unlike measured images.
Simulated low-dose images exhibit reduced quality compared to actual low-dose dark-field radiographs.