Potassium in dental calculus as an indicator of diabetes

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder that has been linked to an increased risk of periodontal disease. Among the oral manifestations associated with DM, periodontal disease has been the most extensively studied. Dental calculus, which forms when dental plaque mineralizes over time, is known to trap biological substances and may preserve biochemical markers indicative of systemic health. Therefore, it could provide valuable information about patients' overall health. In this study, we analyzed the elemental composition of dental calculus in diabetic and non-diabetic (control) patients using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), with a specific focus on potassium (K) content.

We analyzed 57 dental calculus samples, including 17 from individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and 40 from non-diabetic controls. The elemental composition was assessed using scanning electron microscopy paired with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), targeting standardized 100 × 100 μm regions. Potassium content, along with other elemental data, was reported in both mass and atomic percentages.

The results showed elevated potassium levels in diabetic patients compared to controls, with the difference reaching the treshold of statistical significance (0.484 ± 0.710 wt.% versus 0.186 ± 0.320 wt.%). A similar trend was observed in atomic percentage values (0.249 ± 0.387 versus 0.092 ± 0.174; p = 0.0555). Notably, potassium was present in 100% of the diabetic samples. Carbon and oxygen were the predominant elements in both groups, with the diabetic group exhibiting a slight increase in oxygen and lower levels of calcium and phosphorus.

These findings suggest that potassium concentration in dental calculus could serve as a potential biomarker for diabetes. They also highlight the feasibility of incorporating dental calculus analysis after routine dental treatments- which involve the removal of calculus-for early diabetes detection. This approach provides a cost-effective and painless alternative to traditional diagnostic methods. However, we note that while the data are still preliminary, the results indicate a potential biochemical link that warrants further exploration in larger, well-controlled studies.