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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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MicroRNAs01:22

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Detection of MicroRNAs in Microglia by Real-time PCR in Normal CNS and During Neuroinflammation
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MicroRNA-29a-5p contributes to neuroinflammation through TLR7.

Hugo McGurran1,2, Eugenio Graceffo2,3, Victor Kumbol1,2

  • 1Neuroscience Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, 10117, Germany.

Journal of Neuroinflammation
|January 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alzheimer's disease-associated microRNAs (miRNAs) activate Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), triggering neuroinflammation and neuronal injury. This study identifies specific miRNAs as key players in CNS inflammatory diseases.

Keywords:
Alzheimer’s diseaseCytokine expressionMicroRNAMicrogliaNeuroinflammationToll-like receptors

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression and can act as ligands for Toll-like receptors (TLRs).
  • TLR signaling pathways are implicated in central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of extracellular miRNAs in neuroinflammation.
  • To identify specific miRNAs dysregulated in AD and neuroinflammatory states that activate TLRs.

Main Methods:

  • Identification of dysregulated miRNAs in AD and neuroinflammatory conditions.
  • In vitro studies using primary microglia and neuronal cells.
  • In vivo studies involving intrathecal injections in mice (wild-type and AD models).
  • RNA sequencing (RNAseq) analysis.

Main Results:

  • Extracellular miR-29a-5p activates murine TLR7 and human TLR7/8, inducing cytokine/chemokine release from microglia.
  • miR-29a-5p enhances Aβ phagocytosis and causes TLR7-dependent and cell-autonomous neuronal injury.
  • Intrathecal miR-29a-5p administration in mice leads to microglial accumulation and neuronal injury.
  • Long-term miR-29a-5p treatment in AD mouse models alters cytokine/chemokine expression and causes neuronal injury, with associated MAPK pathway downregulation.

Conclusions:

  • AD-associated miRNAs, like miR-29a-5p, function as TLR7 agonists.
  • These miRNAs are signaling molecules for microglia, modulating neuroinflammatory responses in CNS diseases.