Phosphorus Metabolism and Function in Ruminants: Current Knowledge.

Area of Science:

• Ruminant Nutrition and Metabolism
• Dairy Cattle Physiology
• Mineral Homeostasis

Background:

• Phosphorus (P) is a critical macromineral for dairy cattle, involved in energy metabolism, skeletal health, and cellular signaling.
• Its homeostasis is regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23).
• Phosphorus deficiency frequently occurs during the transition period, leading to decreased milk production and health issues.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review phosphorus metabolism in ruminants, highlighting species-specific differences.
• To detail the hormonal regulation of phosphorus homeostasis.
• To discuss clinical signs of deficiency, diagnostic approaches, and impacts on immunity and the environment.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of phosphorus metabolism in ruminants.
• Analysis of hormonal regulation and FGF23 physiology.
• Examination of clinical manifestations and diagnostic methods.

Main Results:

• Phosphorus deficiency causes reduced milk yield, anemia, muscle weakness, and immunosuppression.
• Postpartum hypophosphatemia is linked to acute-phase proteins, postpartum hemoglobinuria, and recumbency.
• Phosphorus imbalance affects periparturient immune function and increases environmental phosphorus excretion.

Conclusions:

• Optimal phosphorus nutrition is essential for dairy cow health and productivity.
• Understanding phosphorus metabolism aids in preventing deficiency-related disorders.
• Managing phosphorus intake reduces environmental impact and improves animal welfare.