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Behavioral Assessment of Manual Dexterity in Non-Human Primates
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Evaluating Behavioral Management Practices for Laboratory Nonhuman Primates: An International Survey.

Kate C Baker1, Fiona R Sewell2, Mark J Prescott2

  • 1Tulane National Biomedical Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA.

Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI
|January 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study surveyed nonhuman primate (NHP) management practices across the EU, UK, and US. UK and EU facilities lead in social housing and enrichment, showing progress but highlighting areas for improvement in NHP welfare.

Keywords:
3Rsanimal welfarebehavioral managementenclosuresenvironmental enrichmentfloor substratesmacaquesnursery rearingpsychological well-beingrefinementsocial housing

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Area of Science:

  • Animal Welfare Science
  • Primatology
  • Comparative Animal Management

Background:

  • Behavioral management is crucial for nonhuman primates (NHPs) in research settings.
  • Previous surveys indicated regional variations in NHP care practices.
  • Understanding current practices is essential for welfare improvement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct the largest survey to date on NHP behavioral management practices.
  • To compare practices across the European Union (EU), United Kingdom (UK), and United States of America (US).
  • To identify regional differences and opportunities for welfare refinement.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive survey of 49 research facilities breeding and housing NHPs.
  • Data collection on management practices for a total of 50,842 NHPs.
  • Comparative analysis of practices across the EU, UK, and US, with historical US data.

Main Results:

  • Significant variations in NHP behavioral management practices were observed between regions.
  • UK and EU facilities demonstrate advanced practices in social housing, infant separation, enclosure size, and enrichment.
  • US facilities show progress in exercise enclosure access, though social housing and enrichment for caged NHPs have seen limited improvement.

Conclusions:

  • Facilities in the UK and EU are leaders in NHP behavioral management best practices.
  • While progress is evident in the US, disparities in social housing and enrichment persist.
  • Knowledge transfer and resource allocation are key to overcoming constraints and enhancing NHP welfare and research outcomes.