Life-History Traits of a Small Cosmopolitan Copepod (Oithona similis) in the Barents Sea: A Review

This review synthesizes current knowledge on the biology and ecology of the small cyclopoid copepod Oithona similis, a prevalent planktonic species in the Barents Sea, during the period of Arctic warming since the early 2000s. The region serves as an effective model system for examining the influence of different water masses on Arctic zooplankton dynamics. The highest abundances and biomass of Oithona similis are observed in Murmansk Coastal Waters (MCW) and Arctic Waters (ArW). Although its contribution to total zooplankton biomass is generally lower than that of higher copepod taxa, it can account for up to 27-35% seasonally and regionally. Ovigerous females are most abundant in Novaya Zemlya Waters (NZW) and ArW. Egg production rates exhibit a decreasing trend from south to north across the sea. Morphometric analyses reveal an increase in prosome length for both sexes, while relative antenna size diminishes from the south (MCW) to the north (ArW). The highest mortality rates occur during summer, coinciding with peak abundances of Oithona similis, its predators, and parasites, as well as increased interspecific competition. Based on morphological and reproductive parameters, three distinct populations are delineated within the Barents Sea: southern (MCW), central (Atlantic Water/Barents Sea Water), and northern/eastern (ArW/NZW), with respective life cycle durations of 11-12, 9-10, and 11 months, and typically one to two generations per year. The primary environmental drivers influencing population abundance, biomass, size, and reproduction are temperature and salinity, while chlorophyll a concentration predominantly affects mortality rates.