Inhibition by Nitrogen Addition of Moss-Mediated CH₄ Uptake and CO₂ Emission Under a Well-Drained Temperate Forest,...

Nitrogen (N) deposition poses a multi-pronged threat to the carbon (C)-regulating services of moss understories. For forest C-cycle modeling under increasing N deposition, failure to mechanistically incorporate the moss-mediated processes risks severely overestimating the C sink potential of global forests. To explore whether and how N input affects the moss-mediated CH₄ and carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes, a five-year field measurement was performed in the N manipulation experimental plots treated with 22.5 and 45 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1 as ammonium chloride for nine years under a well-drained temperate forest in northeastern China. In the presence of mosses, the average annual CH₄ uptake and CO₂ emission in all N-treated plots ranged from 0.96 to 1.48 kg C-CH₄ ha^-1 yr^-1 and from 4.04 to 4.41 Mg C-CO₂ ha^-1 yr^-1, respectively, with a minimum in the high-N-treated plots, which were smaller than those in the control (1.29-1.83 kg C-CH₄ ha^-1 yr^-1 and 4.82-6.51 Mg C-CO₂ ha^-1 yr^-1). However, no significant differences in annual cumulative CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes across all treatments occurred without moss cover. Based on the differences in C fluxes with and without mosses, the average annual moss-mediated CH₄ uptake and CO₂ emission in the control were 0.77 kg C-CH₄ ha^-1 yr^-1 and 2.40 Mg C-CO₂ ha^-1 yr^-1, respectively, which were larger than those in the two N treatments. The N effects on annual moss-mediated C fluxes varied with annual meteorological conditions. Soil pH, available N and C contents, and microbial activity inferred from δ¹³C shifts in respired CO₂ were identified as the main driving factors controlling the moss-mediated CH₄ and CO₂ fluxes. The results highlighted that this inhibitory effect of increasing N deposition on moss-mediated C fluxes in the context of climate change should be reasonably taken into account in model studies to accurately predict C fluxes under well-drained forest ecosystems.