Early stages in DNA binding and uptake during genetic transformation of pneumococci

Ethylenediaminetetraacetate and other divalent-cation-complexing agents greatly stimulate the cellular binding of DNA molecules to competent pneumococci, while the appearance of genetic transformants and nuclease-resistant DNA binding are completely inhibited. Based on this finding, we developed an experimental system in which three early and consecutive stages of genetic transformation can be experimentally separated: (i) attachment of DNA molecules to cell surface sites that are only demonstrable in the competent state; (ii) a divalent-cation-dependent nucleolytic splitting and release of the adsorbed molecules to the medium; and (iii) emergence of potential transformants accompanied by an energy-requiring and divalent-cation-dependent process in which the cell-associated DNA molecules become inaccessible to shearing forces, nucleases, anti-DNA serum, and polycations.