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Bioremediation

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Green Extraction at Scale: Hydrodynamic Cavitation for Bioactive Recovery and Protein Functionalization-A Narrative

Francesco Meneguzzo¹, Federica Zabini¹, Lorenzo Albanese¹

¹Institute of Bioeconomy, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Firenze, Italy.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

|January 10, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) offers a green, scalable method for extracting valuable compounds from plant byproducts. This technology creates unique phytocomplexes, enhancing ingredient functionality for potential use in circular biorefineries.

Keywords:

bioavailability circular economy dry protein isolate green extraction hydrodynamic cavitation nutraceuticals pectin–polyphenol conjugates protein–polyphenol conjugates

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Area of Science:

Green chemistry and sustainable processing
Biorefinery technologies
Food science and ingredient functionality

Background:

Agri-food and forestry byproducts contain valuable bioactive compounds.
Traditional extraction methods can be energy-intensive and environmentally impactful.
Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) presents a promising green alternative for byproduct valorization.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the application of HC for recovering and upgrading bioactives from various plant materials.
To evaluate HC process performance, ingredient functionality, and market viability.
To contrast HC with other green extraction technologies.

Main Methods:

Narrative review of expert-led studies on HC processing.
Analysis of HC application on citrus peels, pomegranate peels, softwoods, and plant protein systems.
Comparison of HC with subcritical water extraction and pulsed electric field.

Main Results:

HC enables water-only operation with high solids and short residence times, favoring low water-to-biomass ratios.
Distinctive formation of stable pectin-flavonoid-terpene phytocomplexes with enhanced solubility and bioaccessibility.
Potential for protein-polyphenol complexation and reduction of anti-nutritional factors.

Conclusions:

HC is a strong candidate for circular biorefineries, particularly for producing functional ingredients and plant proteins.
Near-term applications include blending HC extracts with protein isolates and HC-based plant protein extraction.
Further research is needed on energy consumption, mass balances, and large-scale operational data.