Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Non-Neutropenic Patients: An Evolving Clinical Paradigm

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), traditionally associated with severe immunosuppression and neutropenia, is increasingly reported among non-neutropenic patients. This epidemiological shift highlights the need for a revised understanding of IPA's pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and management strategies. The rising incidence in these populations likely reflects improved diagnostic capabilities and recognition of additional predisposing factors. Although profound immunosuppression remains a key risk, even moderate alterations in innate or adaptive immunity can promote Aspergillus spp. invasion. This review summarizes current knowledge and recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of IPA. Specifically, treatment strategies must be tailored to comorbidities, infection severity, and drug tolerance. Early diagnosis and prompt antifungal therapy are crucial for improving outcomes. Voriconazole remains the first-line treatment, though therapeutic drug monitoring is essential to ensure efficacy and minimize toxicity. Isavuconazole represents an effective alternative, offering comparable efficacy, improved safety, predictable pharmacokinetics, and convenient once-daily dosing. Liposomal amphotericin B serves as a valuable option in severe or refractory cases due to its broad-spectrum activity and reduced nephrotoxicity. Supportive measures-such as respiratory optimization, comorbidity management, and immunomodulatory therapies-are integral to care. Prognosis depends on infection extent, immune status, and timeliness of therapy. Emerging antifungal agents, including olorofim, ibrexafungerp, and fosmanogepix, show promise against resistant Aspergillus species, expanding treatment options. Overall, IPA management in non-neutropenic patients requires a multidisciplinary, patient-centered approach integrating established antifungals, supportive care, and novel therapeutic advances.