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Inflammation as a Prognostic Marker in Cardiovascular Kidney Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review
Sihle E Mabhida1, Haskly Mokoena2, Mamakase G Sello3,4
1Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|January 10, 2026
Summary
Systemic inflammation is strongly linked to cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome (CKMS) prognosis. Inflammatory biomarkers like SIRI and SII show consistent associations with increased mortality and disease progression in CKMS patients.
Area of Science:
- Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome (CKMS) research
- Inflammatory biomarker analysis
- Prognostic marker identification
Background:
- Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome (CKMS) involves interconnected cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic disorders.
- Systemic inflammation is increasingly recognized as a key factor in CKMS pathogenesis and prognosis.
- Recent operationalization of CKMS necessitates updated evidence synthesis.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review and synthesize evidence on the prognostic value of inflammatory biomarkers in individuals with CKMS.
- To identify frequently assessed inflammatory markers and their association with CKMS outcomes.
- To highlight the role of systemic inflammation in CKMS prognosis.
Main Methods:
- Systematic search of major biomedical databases (PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus) for studies published from January 1, 2024, to June 30, 2025.
- Inclusion of longitudinal cohort and cross-sectional studies assessing inflammatory markers and prognostic outcomes in adults with CKMS.
- Narrative synthesis due to heterogeneity; risk of bias assessed using the Quality in Prognostic Studies (QUIPS) tool.
Main Results:
- Thirteen studies with 282,016 participants were included; five were cross-sectional.
- Frequently assessed biomarkers included SIRI, SII, hs-CRP/HDL-C ratio, DII, and TyG index.
- Elevated levels of these inflammatory markers were consistently associated with higher risks of mortality, CKMS progression, and adverse metabolic outcomes.
Conclusions:
- Systemic inflammation is a critical marker associated with CKMS prognosis.
- Inflammatory biomarkers show potential for hypothesis generation but require standardization and external validation for clinical utility.
- Findings represent early signals necessitating replication in diverse settings and further longitudinal/interventional studies.
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