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Athymic Rat Model for Evaluation of Engineered Anterior Cruciate Ligament Grafts
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Embroidered Silk Fibroin Scaffolds for ACL Tissue Engineering.

Yasir Majeed1, Clemens Gögele1, Cindy Elschner2

  • 1Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Prof.-Ernst-Nathan Straße 1, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|January 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Silk fibroin scaffolds show promise for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tissue engineering. Purified silk and silk/P(LA-CL) hybrid scaffolds support cell growth and ligament-specific gene expression, offering potential for ACL graft development.

Keywords:
P(LA-CL)anterior cruciate ligamentembroideryligament fibroblastssilk

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Orthopedic Surgery

Background:

  • Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture leads to joint instability and osteoarthritis risk due to poor healing.
  • Silk fibroin offers cytocompatibility and biomechanical strength for tissue regeneration.
  • Purification of silk removes sericin to enhance biocompatibility and reduce immunogenicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize silk fibroin-based scaffolds for ACL tissue engineering.
  • To evaluate the influence of silk purification and combination with P(LA-CL) on scaffold properties.
  • To assess cell interaction and gene expression within the fabricated scaffolds.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of three-layer silk scaffolds using a zigzag embroidery pattern.
  • Processing of silk as untreated or purified variants, alone or combined with P(LA-CL) fibers.
  • Structural, mechanical, cytotoxicity, cell adhesion, and gene expression analyses.

Main Results:

  • Scaffolds exhibited tunable porosity (≈38%–70%) and mechanical properties.
  • Purified silk scaffolds achieved the highest maximum force at break (≈684 N).
  • Scaffolds supported fibroblast adhesion and expression of ligament-related genes, with enhanced cell-material interactions in purified silk groups.

Conclusions:

  • Embroidered silk fibroin scaffolds offer reproducible architecture with adjustable porosity and mechanics.
  • Scaffolds effectively support fibroblast colonization and expression of extracellular matrix components.
  • These silk-based scaffolds are promising candidates for ACL tissue engineering and graft development.