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Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

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Adaptive Localization-Free Secure Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks.

Ayman Alharbi¹, Saleh Ibrahim^2,3

¹Department of Computer Engineering and Networks, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|January 10, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces an adaptive routing protocol for underwater acoustic networks (UANs) that dynamically adjusts forwarding probability to resist depth-spoofing attacks and conserve energy. The novel approach ensures high packet delivery ratios while optimizing network performance.

Keywords:

depth-based routing secure routing underwater acoustic networks

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Area of Science:

Computer Science
Networking
Cybersecurity

Background:

Depth-based probabilistic routing (DPR) is an efficient underwater acoustic network (UAN) routing protocol.
DPR's effectiveness is challenged by dynamic network conditions and threat states, impacting packet delivery ratio (PDR) and energy consumption.
Static forwarding probabilities in DPR can lead to PDR drops or energy waste.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose a novel adaptive routing protocol for UANs.
To enable continuous adaptation of unqualified forwarding probability based on real-time network state.
To achieve an application-controlled desired delivery ratio while enhancing resilience to depth-spoofing attacks.

Main Methods:

Development of a novel routing protocol with a feedback mechanism.
Implementation of three proposed update algorithms for adaptive probability adjustment.
Performance analysis through extensive network simulations.

Main Results:

The proposed adaptive routing protocol demonstrates resilience to depth-spoofing attacks.
Achieved over 80% packet delivery ratio in more than 95% of simulated networks.
Successfully avoided unnecessary unqualified forwarding during normal network conditions, conserving energy.

Conclusions:

The adaptive routing protocol effectively balances PDR and energy efficiency in UANs.
The feedback mechanism allows for dynamic optimization of routing strategies.
This approach enhances the security and reliability of UANs against sophisticated attacks.