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Sensory Functions of the Skin

Sensory Functions of the Skin

The skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays a crucial role in our sensory perception. It contains a vast network of sensory receptors that contribute to the skin's protective function by perceiving physical, biological, and environmental cues and generating relevant responses.
There are two main categories of receptors on the skin: capsulated and non-capsulated. The non-capsulated ones are mainly the pain receptors. The capsulated ones can be further categorized based on the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Fabrication and Characterization of a Conformal Skin-like Electronic System for Quantitative, Cutaneous Wound Management

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Wearable IoT-Enabled Galvanic Skin Response Device for Objective Pain and Stress Monitoring: Hardware Design and

Anushka N Phadke¹, Khawlah Harasheh², Satinder Gill¹

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|January 10, 2026

Summary

This study developed a wearable Internet-of-Things (IoT) enabled galvanic skin response (GSR) system for objective pain and stress monitoring in non-communicative patients. The device offers wireless, artifact-resistant, and ergonomic real-time feedback.

Keywords:

admittance control assistive technologies dead reckoning haptics tactile displays visually impaired

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Last Updated: May 1, 2026

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Wearable Technology
Physiological Monitoring

Background:

Assessing pain and stress in non-verbal patients is difficult.
Existing galvanic skin response (GSR) devices have limitations like lack of real-time feedback, wireless capability, and motion artifact resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

To design and develop a wearable Internet-of-Things (IoT) enabled GSR system.
To overcome limitations of current GSR devices for improved clinical utility.

Main Methods:

Developed a wearable system with Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) communication and artifact-filtering via a custom API.
Integrated finger-mounted electrodes, custom signal processing, an nRF52840 BLE microcontroller, and a rechargeable battery in a 3D-printed wrist enclosure.

Main Results:

Demonstrated reliable detection of stress-induced GSR fluctuations in basic validation with healthy subjects.
Showcased reduced movement artifacts compared to conventional methods.

Conclusions:

The proposed design is a feasible, low-cost, wireless, and ergonomic solution for objective pain and stress monitoring.
This system has potential for clinical application in patients with limited communication abilities.