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Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
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Probability-Based Forwarding Scheme with Boundary Optimization for C-V2X Multi-Hop Communication.

Zhonghui Pei1, Long Xie1, Jingbin Lu1

  • 1School of Computer Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.

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|January 10, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces optimized forwarding schemes for the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) to reduce redundant emergency message transmissions in dense traffic. The new methods improve packet delivery and reduce forwarding ratios, enhancing road safety.

Keywords:
forwarding redundancyinternet of vehiclesmulti-hop broadcastprobability-based forwarding

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Area of Science:

  • Intelligent Transportation Systems
  • Vehicular Communication Networks
  • Network Reliability

Background:

  • The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) enables intelligent transportation systems and road safety through vehicle communication.
  • Broadcasting emergency messages in dense traffic causes forwarding redundancy and affects communication reliability.
  • Existing probability-based forwarding schemes face boundary redundancy issues near transmission limits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the boundary forwarding redundancy problem in IoV emergency message broadcasting.
  • To propose and evaluate probability-based schemes with boundary optimization for inter-vehicle communication.
  • To enhance the reliability and efficiency of emergency message dissemination in vehicular networks.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of forwarding behavior near the single-hop transmission radius boundary.
  • Development of two probability-based schemes optimizing forwarding probability and backoff timers outside the boundary.
  • Experimental evaluation comparing proposed schemes against reference methods.

Main Results:

  • Proposed schemes significantly reduce forwarding redundancy for emergency messages.
  • Scheme (1) optimizes forwarding probability outside the boundary, reducing redundancy while utilizing nodes.
  • Scheme (2) uses distance-based backoff timers outside the boundary to further decrease redundancy.
  • Compared to a non-optimized scheme, proposed schemes (1) and (2) improved single-hop packet delivery ratio by 5.41% and 11.83%, and reduced multi-hop forwarding ratio by 18.07% and 36.07% respectively at 0.18 veh/m density.

Conclusions:

  • Optimized boundary forwarding schemes effectively mitigate redundancy in IoV emergency message broadcasting.
  • The proposed methods maintain good single-hop and multi-hop transmission performance.
  • These advancements contribute to more reliable and efficient intelligent transportation systems.