The Influence of PAR 1 and Endothelin 1 on the Course of Specific Kidney Diseases

Background: PAR 1 (protease-activated receptor 1) and endothelin 1 are biomarkers that could be of significance in kidney diseases. Methods: We measured the plasma levels of PAR1 and endothelin 1 in patients with membranous nephropathy (n = 19), focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) (n = 30), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (n = 22), IgA nephropathy (n = 16), mesangial proliferative (non-IgA) glomerulonephritis (n = 7), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (n = 27), and hemodialysis (n = 26), as well as a healthy control group (n = 22). Then, for two years, we tracked the patients' clinical progress (creatinine, total protein, and albumin levels) and compared the outcomes with their initial PAR 1 and endothelin 1 levels. Moreover, we checked the correlations between PAR 1 and endothelin 1 and the results of anti-PAR1 and anti-ETAR (endothelin A receptor) evaluations. Results: Membranous nephropathy, FSGS, IgA nephropathy, CKD, and hemodialysis patients had higher PAR 1 levels than the control group. PAR 1 correlated with total protein, albumin in SLE, total protein in IgA nephropathy, and creatinine in CKD. Endothelin 1 correlated with albumin in membranous nephropathy, total protein, albumin, creatinine in FSGS, total protein in IgA nephropathy, total protein, and albumin in CKD. PAR 1 correlated with anti-PAR 1 in FSGS. Anti-ETAR correlated with anti-PAR 1 in membranous nephropathy, FSGS, and IgA nephropathy. Conclusions: PAR 1 levels are elevated in some kidney diseases compared to the healthy population. Both PAR 1 and endothelin 1 are supposed to be related to the clinical course of specific kidney diseases.