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Retinal Microvascular and Orbital Structural Alterations in Thyroid Eye Disease.
Vera Jelušić1,2, Ivanka Maduna2,3, Dubravka Biuk1,2
1Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Center Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
Journal of Clinical Medicine
|January 10, 2026
Summary
Thyroid eye disease (TED) activity is linked to changes in deep capillary plexus (DCP) vessel density (VD) in the retina. These retinal microvascular changes correlate with orbital structural alterations, offering insights into disease progression.
Area of Science:
- Ophthalmology
- Endocrinology
- Medical Imaging
Background:
- Thyroid eye disease (TED) causes orbital and retinal structural and microvascular changes.
- Understanding the relationship between disease activity and these changes is crucial.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate associations between the Clinical Activity Score (CAS), orbital MRI measurements, and retinal microvascular changes in TED patients.
- To identify predictors of TED activity.
Main Methods:
- Cross-sectional study of 38 TED patients.
- Ophthalmological evaluation, CAS assessment, and medical history.
- Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) for retinal vessel density (VD) and MRI for orbital structural measurements.
Main Results:
- Active TED (CAS ≥ 3) showed higher deep capillary plexus (DCP) VD and TRAb levels.
- Higher triglycerides, medial rectus thickness, and DCP VD predicted higher CAS.
- CAS predicted parafoveal DCP VD.
Conclusions:
- Deep capillary plexus (DCP) vessel density (VD) changes reflect TED activity.
- Retinal microvascular alterations are associated with structural orbital involvement in TED.
