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Related Concept Videos

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If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is compressive if the object expands in the absence of constraint and tensile if it contracts. This stress resulting from temperature change is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage. To avoid this stress, engineers may design components so they can expand and contract freely. For instance, on highways, gaps are deliberately...
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San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
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The human body has a sophisticated thermoregulation system that employs negative feedback mechanisms to maintain an optimal core temperature. When the core temperature drops, peripheral and central thermoreceptors send signals to the hypothalamus, activating the heat-promoting center. This center triggers several responses aimed at increasing the core temperature. First, vasoconstriction reduces the flow of warm blood from internal organs to the skin so that the heat is not lost from the skin,...
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Mechanism of heat transfer01:19

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Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
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Thermal Strain01:19

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Thermal strain is a concept that arises when we consider how temperature changes affect structures. Unlike the conventional assumption that structures remain constant under load, real-world scenarios often involve temperature fluctuations that can significantly impact these structures. Consider a homogeneous rod with a uniform cross-section resting freely on a flat horizontal surface. If the rod's temperature increases, the rod elongates. This elongation is proportional to the temperature...
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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Dual-Responsive Yarn-Based Artificial Muscles for Adaptive Thermal Management.

Mengjiao Pan1,2,3, Xiaohui Zhang1,2,3, Jinhao Xu1,2,3

  • 1Future Intelligent Wear Centre, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|January 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a hybrid yarn-based artificial muscle (HYAM) for adaptive textiles. This innovation enhances actuation speed and response time, enabling intelligent personalized thermal management for extreme weather conditions.

Keywords:
adaptive textileartificial muscledual responsivenessthermal management

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Textile Engineering
  • Biomimetics

Background:

  • Climate change necessitates adaptive textiles for thermoregulation.
  • Existing yarn-based artificial muscles have slow and uncontrollable actuation.
  • Need for faster, reliable artificial muscles in responsive textiles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel hybrid yarn-based artificial muscle (HYAM).
  • To improve actuation performance (stroke and speed) and recovery time.
  • To enable intelligent personalized thermal management systems.

Main Methods:

  • Coupling moisture actuation with electrothermal recovery in a hybrid yarn structure.
  • Biomimetic design inspired by skeletal muscle and spindle-driven gates.
  • Integration into dual-mode radiative curtains for thermal switching.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a 128% increase in actuation stroke and 136% increase in speed compared to pristine muscles.
  • Electrothermal recovery reduced recovery and full-cycle times by 91% and 83%, respectively.
  • Demonstrated dual-mode radiative curtains for switching between warming and cooling.

Conclusions:

  • HYAM offers significantly enhanced performance for artificial muscles.
  • The technology shows promise for intelligent personalized thermal management.
  • Addresses limitations of current moisture-responsive textiles for climate adaptation.