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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...

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Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Author Spotlight: An Integrated Workflow to Study the Promoter-Centric Spatio-Temporal Genome Architecture in Scarce Cell Populations

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Published on: April 21, 2023

Cooperativity between regulatory elements acts as a modulator of enhancer function.

Deevitha Balasubramanian¹, Margarita Masoura¹, Yad Ghavi-Helm¹

¹Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, 46 allée d'Italie, F-69364 Lyon, France.

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development

|January 10, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Gene regulation involves promoters and enhancers, but new sequences like promoter-proximal elements fine-tune this process. These elements function along a regulatory continuum, essential for understanding complex genomes.

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Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genetics
Genomics

Background:

Gene transcription is classically regulated by promoters and enhancers.
Recent discoveries reveal additional regulatory sequences fine-tuning gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recently described regulatory sequences: promoter-proximal elements and enhancer-like modulators.
To discuss their functions, mechanisms, and impact on current definitions of gene regulatory elements.

Main Methods:

Literature review of promoter-proximal elements and enhancer-like modulators.
Analysis of representative examples and proposed mechanisms of action.

Main Results:

Promoter-proximal elements and enhancer-like modulators significantly influence enhancer function and transcriptional output.
These elements challenge discrete classifications, suggesting a regulatory continuum.

Conclusions:

Gene regulatory elements may not fit discrete classes but exist on a continuum.
Understanding this continuum is crucial for deciphering gene regulation in complex genomes.