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Published on: December 15, 2023
7-year trend of timely hepatitis B birth dose vaccination coverage in The Gambia: a retrospective, population-based
Gibril Ndow1, Isatou Cham2, Rohey Bangura2
1Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia; Center for Operational Research on Hepatitis B (COR-HEPB), Coalition for Global Hepatitis Elimination, Decatur, GA, USA; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
Background:
According to WHO and UNICEF, Africa has the lowest coverage (18%) of timely (within the first 24 h) hepatitis B birth dose (HepB-BD) vaccination worldwide. To eliminate hepatitis B by 2030, 90% vaccination coverage is required. Experiences from The Gambia, the first African country to adopt HepB-BD vaccination in 1990, could guide HepB-BD implementation and scale-up in Africa. We aimed to assess the trend of, and barriers to, timely HepB-BD vaccination coverage over a 7-year period in The Gambia.
Methods:
In this retrospective analysis, 2015-21 data were extracted from population-based Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems in three rural areas (Basse, Bansang, and Farafenni) in The Gambia. Fluctuation tests and Bayesian analysis using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods assessed the rate of timely (within days 0-1 of birth) and delayed HepB-BD vaccination coverage, change points (abrupt variation between two stable periods) in the average coverage of timely HepB-BD vaccination, and the factors associated with delayed HepB-BD vaccination during the first 7 years following the WHO recommendations on hepatitis B elimination.
Findings:
Between Jan 1, 2015, and Dec 31, 2021, 4560 of 71 088 livebirths (6·4%, 95% CI 6·2-6·6) received a timely HepB-BD. Timely HepB-BD vaccination coverage increased from 1·7% (95% CI 1·3-2·0) in the first half of 2015 (ie, January to June) to 22·4% (21·3-23·6) in the second half of 2021 (ie, July to December; p<0·0001). Delayed HepB-BD administration was associated with being born on Friday (odds ratio [OR] 3·51 [95% CI 3·03-4·08]; p<0·0001) or Saturday (5·93 [4·96-7·13]; p<0·0001) compared with Tuesday; being born in Basse (2·03 [95% CI 1·83-2·25]; p<0·0001) or Farafenni (1·84 [1·63-2·08]; p<0·0001); and being born during the rainy season (1·16 [1·08-1·25]; p<0·0001). Average timely HepB-BD vaccination coverage significantly decreased from 10·1% (95% CI 9·5-10·6) pre-COVID-19 pandemic to 5·4% (4·5-6·3) during the first COVID-19 wave (p<0·0001). After adjusting for all other factors, being born during the first COVID-19 wave was associated with delayed HepB-BD vaccination (OR 1·41 [1·22-1·64]; p<0·0001).
Interpretation:
30 years after the adoption of HepB-BD in The Gambia, the rate of vaccination coverage remains low and was significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the challenges for its implementation.
Funding:
None.
