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In situ high temperature X-ray diffraction and dilatometric analysis of CGO-Cu composites for solid oxide devices.

M Balaguer1, M Fabuel1, A Kriele2

  • 1Instituto de Tecnología Química (ITQ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain.

Scientific Reports
|January 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Thermo-mechanical compatibility of composite electrodes is key for solid-oxide devices. A combined in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and dilatometry method rapidly quantifies thermal expansion and microstructural changes in Ce0.8Gd0.2O2-δ-Cu anodes.

Keywords:
CGO−Cu cermetsCompositesIn situ synchrotron XRDSolid oxide cellsThermal expansion

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Solid-State Physics

Background:

  • Long-term reliability of solid-oxide electrochemical devices depends on thermo-mechanical compatibility of composite electrodes.
  • Understanding thermal expansion and microstructural evolution at operational temperatures is crucial for material selection and device design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a rapid and predictive method for quantifying phase-resolved and bulk thermal expansion of composite electrodes.
  • To investigate the thermo-mechanical behavior of Ce0.8Gd0.2O2-δ-Cu (CGO-Cu) composites with varying compositions.
  • To guide the design of thermomechanically compatible oxide-metal composites for high-temperature electrochemical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Combined in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) and simultaneous dilatometry.
  • Synthesis of CGO-Cu composites with CGO:Cu ratios ranging from 39:61 to 70:30 vol%.
  • Rietveld refinement for phase analysis and crystallite size determination.

Main Results:

  • In situ XRD confirmed the presence of only CGO and Cu phases.
  • Rietveld refinement showed slight lattice expansion and reduced CGO crystallite size with increasing CGO content.
  • Dilatometry revealed systematic changes in macroscopic thermal expansion and densification, correlating with microstructural evolution.
  • The CGO-Cu (59:41) composite exhibited a near-temperature-independent coefficient of thermal expansion and minimal shrinkage.

Conclusions:

  • The combined in situ synchrotron XRD + dilatometry methodology is a powerful approach for characterizing cermets.
  • This technique effectively captures the thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) characteristics of composite materials.
  • The findings provide a pathway for designing thermomechanically compatible oxide-metal composites for high-temperature electrochemical applications.