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ChatGPT and Gemini in warfarin counseling
Muhammet Hüseyin Erkan1, Ömer Faruk Rahman, Abdullah Güner
1Muhammet Hüseyin Erkan, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Balikesir University, Bigadic, 10145 Balikesir, Turkey, mhuseyinerkan@gmail.com.
Croatian Medical Journal
|January 11, 2026
Summary
ChatGPT and Gemini offer reliable warfarin counseling information. ChatGPT provides more scientifically adequate responses, while Gemini excels in clarity for patient understanding. Expert guidance remains essential for safe use.
Area of Science:
- Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
- Medical Information Dissemination
Background:
- Warfarin (a blood thinner) requires clear patient counseling.
- Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT and Gemini are increasingly used for health information.
Purpose of the Study:
- To compare ChatGPT-4o and Gemini's responses on warfarin use for accuracy, scientific adequacy, and clarity.
- Evaluate LLM-generated patient information for clinical utility.
Main Methods:
- Forty patient questions on warfarin use were posed to ChatGPT and Gemini.
- Four cardiovascular surgeons evaluated responses using a 5-point Likert scale for adequacy, accuracy, and clarity.
- A blinded, zero-shot evaluation method was employed.
Main Results:
- ChatGPT responses were shorter but scientifically more adequate (P=0.004).
- Gemini demonstrated higher clarity (P<0.001).
- No significant difference in accuracy was found between the models (P=0.606).
Conclusions:
- Both LLMs provide reliable warfarin counseling information.
- ChatGPT offers detailed scientific content; Gemini prioritizes user-friendly clarity.
- Expert supervision is crucial for safe and comprehensive patient guidance.
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