Sustainable multisample emulsive microextraction technique for the determination of triazole fungicides in food...

To address concerns about persistent triazole fungicide residues and their potential risks to food safety, a novel emulsive liquid-liquid microextraction pretreatment method was developed following green chemistry principles. Cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME), characterized by low toxicity, was utilized as an effective extraction solvent; however, its emulsification was challenging. Alkyl polyglucosides (APGs) exhibited excellent biodegradability and surface activity, facilitating the preparation of oil-in-water emulsions by mixing APG aqueous solution with CPME. No mechanical mixing, vortex, ultrasonic, or other operations were required during the extraction process. The separation step did not require a centrifuge or demulsifiers. Furthermore, a 12-channel electronic pipette was utilized to facilitate the simultaneous processing of six samples, thus enhancing analytical throughput and automation. The recovery ranged from 88.7 % to 101.2 % when combined with HPLC detection. Overall, this study presents a sustainable sample pretreatment strategy, offering a promising approach for assessing pesticide residues in complex food matrices.