Updates in cervical cancer screening: A practical guide for the internist

Cervical cancer remains a largely preventable malignancy, yet screening gaps persist, particularly in underserved and special populations. Recent advances have expanded screening strategies beyond traditional clinician-collected cytology to include high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV)-based testing and options for cervical and vaginal self-collection. This review summarizes current US screening guidelines, performance characteristics of primary HPV testing and co-testing, and evolving evidence supporting self-collection as a tool to improve access and adherence. Practical considerations for the primary care internist are emphasized, including a test selection algorithm, and shared decision-making. By integrating updated screening modalities with patient-centered implementation strategies, internists can play a pivotal role in advancing equitable and effective cervical cancer prevention.