Progress on Omega-3 fatty acids for the comprehensive and targeted treatment of spinal cord injury

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition characterized by the impairment of neural circuits, leading to the loss of motor and sensory functions and accompanied by severe complications. Substantial research has reported the therapeutic potential of Omega-3 fatty acids for the central nervous system, particularly after traumatic SCI. Omega-3 fatty acids may contribute to improving SCI recovery through their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, neurotrophic, and membrane integrity-preserving properties. These functions of Omega-3 fatty acids are primarily mediated via the activation of G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120), commonly known as the fish oil-specific receptor. Advancements in understanding of the molecular mechanisms of GPR120's recognition of Omega-3 fatty acids and its downstream signaling mechanisms has significantly promoted research on the pharmacological potential of Omega-3 fatty acids and the development of highly selective and high-affinity alternatives. This review aims to provide in-depth analysis of the comprehensive therapeutic potential of Omega-3 fatty acids for SCI and its accompanying complications, and the prospects for developing novel drugs based on the recognition of Omega-3 fatty acids by GPR120.